In today’s digital landscape, it is no surprise that there appears to be a new cybersecurity story in the news every week, from attacks on major infrastructure to small companies being held for ransom. The risk of cyber threats continues to grow for CPA firms, along with other professional services firms, as all are considered prime targets for cyber criminals given the wealth of sensitive client data, financial information, and/or legal documents they maintain.

Don’t be lulled into a false sense of comfort that your firm (or your clients) are too small or too large to be attacked. CAMICO is seeing an uptick in the number of cyber-related claims impacting CPA firms of all sizes and unfortunately, the severity of these cyber crimes and ransomware attacks have grown in recent years.

Some of the more frequent categories of loss for CPA firms related to cyber claims include:

• Social engineering
• Funds transfer fraud
• Theft of data
• Loss of laptop or data stick
• Unauthorized use of networks
• Failure to protect client confidential information shared with a third-party service provider
• Computer system cloud hack
• Lost profits related to cyber events
• Ransom attacks

Identifying key cyber risks and best practices to mitigate risk exposures is important to safeguard confidential information, maintain client trust, and ensure your firm’s continuity. One of the important concepts people must be aware of when evaluating their cybersecurity exposures is the difference between first-party risks and third-party risks. First-party risks are damages and losses you incur from a cyber attack or security breach of your firm, whereas third-party risks often arise when a hacker has penetrated the firm’s (or client’s) computer system causing damages to a client or other third party as a result of the cyber incident for which the firm may be blamed in whole or in part.

As you would expect, first-party cyber exposures have become increasingly problematic for CPA firms as cyber criminals are targeting CPA firms and tax professionals with greater frequency because of the abundance of client data found on CPA firms’ computers. If they are successful in gaining access to a firm’s information infrastructure, there can be costly measures that need to be taken by the firm such as hiring IT forensic experts to determine the extent of the breach, consulting with attorneys who specialize in data breach laws and notification obligations, and providing credit monitoring to those impacted by the breach.

What may be surprising to some CPAs, however, is the increase in third-party cyber exposures that are impacting firms. These situations often arise when a client has been hacked, and the hacker has penetrated the client’s computer system and once inside, causes all manner of losses for which the CPA firm may be blamed. Unfortunately, many of these incidents tend to be high-dollar claims against the CPA firm. These claims typically include allegations that the firm failed to detect red flags associated with communications executed by the hacker, falling below the standard of care by initiating wire transfers (later determined to be fraudulent) without “proper” client authorization, failure to “warn and advise” clients of the potential risks/threats of cyber attacks, and the list goes on.

Cyber Claims Trends
Human error remains a significant threat to cybersecurity, with a wide range of activities such as weak password practices, falling for phishing attacks, and the mishandling of sensitive information contributing to security breaches.

Social engineering, which is the art of exploiting human behavior as a manipulation technique to gain access to confidential information, is one of the most dangerous types of cybersecurity threats to CPA firms given the type of information that firms gather and store. “Phishing” is one of the more widespread social engineering schemes, where information in an email attempts to convince a recipient that the email is from a legitimate source and the recipient needs to respond to the request by clicking a link. The trend this past tax season as reported in CAMICO’s mid-March 2025 Alert is bogus emails from the “Social Security Administration” or “IRS e-Services.” As employees are the most common entry point for phishing attacks, a firm’s best protection against social engineering attempts is to make continuous efforts to raise awareness with staff to never take these emails at face value and instead, maintain ongoing vigilance and enhanced skepticism with every email and online interaction.

Consider the following two scenarios from the CAMICO claims files which unfortunately are becoming all too familiar for CPA firms:

Scenario #1: Client hacked; CPA firm initiated fraudulent wire-transfers
A client of the CPA firm was hacked, and the hacker penetrated and commandeered the client’s email account. The hacker emailed several requests to the CPA firm to wire funds to a new account — a classic “man in the middle” attack. After receiving each request, a CPA firm staff member emailed the client to verify the wire transfer instructions. As the hacker had full control of the client’s email account, the hacker was able to respond back to the CPA firm to verify the payments to the hacker’s overseas bank account.

The above scenario, unfortunately, has become a recurring fact pattern, and these fraudulent wire transfer requests frequently cause large dollar losses. If the fraudster is controlling the client’s email and potentially their phone system as well, and the fraudulent request mimics previous legitimate requests, it is often difficult for the firm to identify the request as illegitimate. When fraud is discovered after the transfer, the funds are usually not recoverable. Domestic banks are not always helpful in preventing fraudulent transfers, as laws tend to limit their risk exposures and enable them to deny responsibility.

With the increased number of claims related to fraudulent wire transfers, the best risk management practice in the absence of any written protocols to the contrary is to verbally confirm all wire transfer requests with the client, and not rely on email or voicemail confirmations. Unfortunately, technological advances have permitted sophisticated scammers to create AI versions not only of people’s voices, but also realistic avatars of scam targets so that you can’t trust your ears or your eyes on virtual calls (Microsoft Teams). Ideally, you and your client will have a code word and/or phrase to confirm the authenticity of the person you are speaking to. Additional loss prevention guidance to minimize fraudulent wire transfer exposure can be found in CAMCO’s article Social Engineering Scams/Fraudulent Wire Transfers. Refer to the Cyber/Data Security Resource Center on CAMICO’s Members-Only Site.

Scenario #2: Ransomware
An employee of a CPA firm opened an unsolicited email attachment from “IRS e-Services” that immediately downloaded ransomware onto the firm’s computer system. The employee noticed that the file names were rapidly being changed to “Needs Decrypting.” The employee turned off and rebooted the computer, but the virus had already spread to all the firm’s servers, and all the files became encrypted. The employee reported the incident to the firm’s managing partner and the firm promptly took actions in accordance with their Incident Response Plan. Once it was determined that a breach had occurred, the firm complied with applicable state and federal laws, and the breach was reported to law enforcement.

Ransomware is one of the most malicious hacker attack vectors and firms of all sizes have become victims. It sneaks into computer systems, encrypts files, and demands a ransom before agreeing to decrypt the files. A major problem is that hackers do not always decrypt files even after the ransom is paid.

Ransom demands have certainly increased in recent years and it is not unusual to see them range from several thousand dollars to several hundred thousand dollars. Some ransomware attacks rely on software that now has known fixes, so a solution might be found online. Other ransom attacks are more advanced and have no known fixes, other than the victim retrieving and relying on the latest backup files. Therefore, being prepared and taking precautions against cyber risk exposures is essential.

To gain a greater perspective on how CPA firms are impacted by cyber exposures, refer to the IMPACT 126 Claims Chronicles for two additional cyber-related claims.

Has your firm prepared for a cyber incident?
Remember, it is not if you will be attacked, but when.

The weakest link in most cybersecurity attacks today continues to be the human element, so it is important to remember that your firm employees are a vital line of defense. Take action now to arm your employees with education, awareness, and reminders, so that they can make informed decisions about what they click.

Although not meant to be all-inclusive, the following additional basic best practice measures are extremely important when addressing the human element of data security:

1. Cybersecurity awareness training: As employees are the most common entry point for phishing attacks, a firm’s best protection against social engineering is to make continuous efforts to raise awareness of the importance of ongoing vigilance and enhanced skepticism of each email and online interaction. Education can come in various forms, both formal and informal. Consider sharing with your team “real-life” examples of the potential scam emails received by members of your firm. Learning of the attempted attacks on their colleagues heightens awareness of the nature and types of scams that pose potential threats.

As part of the firm-wide cybersecurity awareness training, you should also consider reviewing the firm’s existing protocols and infrastructure (refer to the firm’s written security plan in place) that supports the firm’s commitment to taking appropriate cybersecurity precautions so that all employees are aware and updated when changes are made. If your firm does not yet have a written security plan in place or you are in the process of updating your document, refer to CAMICO’s Written Information Security Plan (“WISP” or “ISP”) template. The template can be found on the Cyber/Data Security Resource Center on the CAMICO Members-Only Site.

Raising the cybersecurity IQ of all employees will help tremendously in guarding against a breach and will minimize your firm’s potential exposure as employees will be better able to recognize social engineering attempts and understand the importance of guarding their login/authentication credentials both in the office and at home. To be of ultimate value, it is important for firms to commit to embracing a motto of continuous education because the threat landscape doesn’t stop evolving when your employees’ cybersecurity training is done.

2. Use multi-factor authentication. This can add an extra level of security to prevent an account hack, especially when employees work remotely.

3. Change and strengthen passwords frequently. Systems are only as secure as the passwords used to access them.

4. Ensure all software has the latest security options/patches. This will help protect against malware, viruses, and hacker attacks.

5. Require regular data backups. By encouraging employees to regularly back up their data you are preventing data loss when disaster strikes. While this may be a hard policy to enforce for employees working remotely, it remains the best practice. In many instances, devices can be set to back up to the cloud automatically. When relying on cloud storage remember that ransomware can also compromise cloud services. Any data stored in the cloud should also be periodically backed up to an external hard drive. Data backups ensure that a business can continue to operate, even if resources are taken offline by a ransomware attack.

6. Maintain strong cyber hygiene. Reinforce with employees the cyber protocols to be followed when working both in the office as well as remotely (e.g., machine use restrictions, Wi-Fi passwords, VPN, firewalls, etc.).

7. Remind all employees of the importance of powering down computers when not in use. Computers are not accessible to attacks or intrusions when powered off.

Choose the Right Cyber Insurance Coverage
Cyber insurance protects against financial losses related to data breaches or other covered cyber events. Cyber insurance coverage is basically divided along two lines:

• First-party, which refers to losses directly suffered by the policyholder (or insured) firm in response to a firm’s data breach or other covered cyber event, and
• Third-party, which refers to damages alleged by clients or other third parties that the negligence of the CPA firm contributed in whole or in part to the third party’s cyber-related loss. CAMICO’s professional liability policy generally will cover third-party cyber claims subject to applicable policy terms, conditions, and exclusions.

It is possible that a single cyber incident may give rise to both damage suffered by the firm (first-party losses) and damages allegedly suffered by others that blame the firm (third-party losses). The relationship between the first and third parties can be formed in many ways. It can be contractual (for example, engagement letters), built through tort law, common law, or other ways. CPA firm clients are third parties, and others may become a third party based on the nature of an incident. Clients may have insurance of their own, making them a first party with their own cyber insurance carrier.

First-party insurance typically covers the direct costs of actions needed after a firm has had a data breach, extortion, ransomware attack, or other hacker malfeasance against the firm. Third-party cyber-liability insurance, on the other hand, covers the costs of dealing with the claims of other parties that seek to hold your firm at least partially responsible for damages that they have incurred because of a cyber incident. Sometimes, the line between first-party damage and third-party damage becomes blurred — especially if a firm and its client have both been breached, and forensic analysis cannot conclusively establish either the sequence of events leading up to the breach and/or how the breach occurred.

Although not meant to be all-inclusive, the table below shows common cyber costs and damage that may be incurred in cyber-related claim situations, classified by first- and/or third-party potential exposures:

Understanding the difference between first-party and third-party risks is essential when seeking cyber insurance. Ideally, every CPA firm should have some degree of insurance coverage for both first-party and third-party risks as the CPA firm faces exposure to many accusations and lawsuits in the event of a compromise or data breach impacting its clients’ data. For example, everyone faces risks of inadvertently forwarding a malware-infected email message that subsequently wreaks havoc after being opened by a recipient, or of their computers and networks being breached and subsequently exploited by hackers to serve as launching pads from which to target others. Relying on only one type of cyber insurance that may be limited to either first- or third-party coverage may leave businesses exposed to significant financial and legal risks. Whereas investing in both first-party and third-party cyber insurance ensures greater protection against today’s growing cyber threats.

If you have any specific coverage-related questions, please contact your agent or CAMICO at 1.800.652.1772, and ask to speak with your underwriter.

Additional CAMICO Resources
Additional risk management guidance and information on this topic is available on the Members-Only Site — refer to CAMICO’s Cyber/Data Security Resource Center. CAMICO policyholders with questions regarding this communication or other risk management questions should contact the Loss Prevention department at lp@camico.com, or call our advice hotline at 800.652.1772 and ask to speak with a Loss Prevention Specialist.